A Brief Note On Guinea Worm Eradication ( Group 7 )

Postal 2: Guinea Worm Eradication (Group 7): The condition for the commissioning setting was a supposed guinea worm outbreak that has been reported in three Local Government Areas of Akoko town in Ondo State Nigeria by the State’s Ministry of Health among people aged 6-46 years. Their rationale was based on high density of cases in Ise, Auga-Okemole and Iboropa areas of Akoko local government areas, after WHO had declared Nigeria free of the infection. Based on continuous surveillance and disease notification, it seems guinea worm is a WHO’s notifiable infectious disease, and Nigeria is a party to it. According to WHO 2000), there is a need for immediate action whenever any WHO notifiable diseases is spotted. Hence a stakeholders meeting was held with the locals, government officials and community health workers for immediate Health Needs Assessment. The population profiling data was from national surveys and hospital records. Analysis of data was done, the case was prioritized, procurement done, and prompt intervention followed with full participation of all necessary stakeholders. Effective Monitoring and Evaluation would be carried out quarterly after implementation: this monitoring and evaluation will be done by the commissioners themselves. Strong Points: Looking at the given scenario, a notifiable disease requires an immediate emergency response, since there was a good rationale backing their action. The evidence was also strong as the report was from a trusted

Why Are The Arts Important Education Essay Free Essays

Humanistic disciplines are accomplishments or trades that are inspired by an person to portion and convey information of one ‘s ideas, thoughts, and emotions, beliefs among them, others and the universe around them. Elliot Eisner ( 2005 ) likewise states that humanistic disciplines can heighten single or group communicating when spoken or written linguistic communication – medium of communicating with others failed. In some civilizations, art is portion of mundane life, whilst others it is non-essential. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Are The Arts Important Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Hence, art instruction is a challenge for national policymakers to make up one’s mind whether it is necessary for art to be taught in the instruction course of study ( AARE ) . Furthermore, learning attacks of humanistic disciplines in schools are frequently structured and supervised by grownups, who made regulations about how art should look, and kids ‘s incompetent or incapable of doing artistic determinations ( Perry, Rosemay A ; Irwin, 2000 ) . However Derham ( 1961 ) advocated that grownups should non oppugn about kids ‘s thoughts in art plants, even opposed any activities that are two-channel typewriting and led by grownups. Upon researching early childhood theories, art instruction in early childhood laid accent on importance of societal interaction ( Bodrova A ; Leong,2007 ) . Smith ( 1993 ) further described it as a new manner of concerted acquisition, where kids and grownups interchange accomplishments, cognition and thoughts enhance kids ‘s thought and challenged kids ‘s perceptual experience on humanistic disciplines. In 1980s, research findings by Kindler ( 1996 ) , Wright ( 1991 ) and Matthews ( 1999 ) documented and shown importance of instructor ‘s function in steering and enabling kids ‘s capacities as originative, competent minds. Hence, arts instruction yet once more shifted from a natural, self-expression to a dynamic, societal interaction between grownups and kids in acquisition ( McArdle A ; Piscitelli, 2002 ) . Community coaction with kids and grownups provides chances of larning which combine physical, rational, creativeness and job work outing accomplishments of immature kids ( Kolbe, 2001 ) . Surveies conducted by Pugh ( 2010 ) found important differences of kids who are extremely involved in humanistic disciplines activities and those with small or no engagement, where they are found to be more assurance and positive in their attitudes and behaviors. In add-on, Brouillette ( 2010 ) surveies that art enable kids to make a healthier societal competency. Art instruction facilitates kids to develop good apprehension of responses, emotional looks and actions of other people ( Davies,1993 ) . As kids learn to understand what to be expected from others and what societal address should be used in different state of affairss ; the ability to research and utilize art media to show one ‘s desires, feelings, and even frights ( Rogers A ; Evans, 2008 ) . Research findings proven by Rogers and Rose ( 2007 ) as interpersonal interaction additions, first-class conflict-resolution accomplishments and job work outing temperament come at the same time. In the fast gait epoch of 20 first century, Rogoff ( 2003 ) finds kids are frequently pushed to see tonss of exciting larning activities, and no longer hold a balance between quieting and extremely stirred activities. Consequently, kids faced troubles and challenges of settling in schoolroom construction. Furthermore, it besides added to kids ‘s unequal proficiency in societal competency and interpersonal interactions with others. ( Brouillette, 2010 ) Therefore, many states shifted the focal point and favoured active constructive, find acquisition in country of humanistic disciplines, and closely linked to their conceptual instruction model. ( Perry A ; Irwin, 2000 ) When immature kids explore, experiment, usage and interpret information with others, it increase equal credence, construct positive equal relationship, better school attending, deepen involvement in school activities ‘ engagement and build a more competent and assurance self-pride in academic acquisition, every bit good as show involvement in beliefs, civilizations and values of others and compare these with theirs ( Smith,1992 ) . Pretend, dramatic, fantasy, inventive dramas strengthen societal emotional development Supplying immature kids chances to copy and copy actions in make-believe, dramatic, fantasy, inventive dramas from each other, kids learn explore, experiment and make new ways in critical thought and job resolution ( Kindler,1996b ) . Planing, sharing, lending and back uping to narrative information of dramas, offer kids suites to take on different functions in the dramatis personae ( Rogers A ; Evans, 2008 ) . It aids and enhances kids to work together in little or large groups. Winston and Tandy ( 2009 ) stated as kids explore in group working, they learn how their equals use resources, stuffs and job solve in activities. Art is about believing and how the encephalon plants, comprehend and interact with others ( Arts in Schools Project,1990 ) . Dialogue can be one of the cardinal ways kids learn while organizing and sing in originative looks in dramas ( Pugh, 2010 ) . Social exchanges and expressed contemplations of kids involve on their brooding thought and thought procedure upon understanding ( Wright, 2000 ) . The conversations for kids to make and what they learn from their creative activity ; these are interactions of kids where they portion with each other from make-believe, dramatic, fantasy, inventive dramas ( Davies,1993 ) . Furthermore, dramas can be designed to bridge increasing spread and needs different diverseness of multicultural kids in schools in society when it is integrated into schoolroom construction. For case, integrating of early literacy accomplishments and humanistic disciplines cultivate cultural grasp in early childhood schoolrooms. Imagine how a new kid ‘s first school experience in wholly new environment – fearful, societal emphasis, cultural ambivalency, inability to pass on, what the kid might confront if school instructor has no cognition and schemes to make a culturally antiphonal schoolroom. However, if school integrates and creates chances for the new kid to lend information of native civilization and promote other kids to research narratives, art, music, and dance of the new kid ‘s place civilization. Together, they would larn each other ‘s alone life experiences, detecting things that make them so different, and yet particular. Children ‘s affectional demands of cognitive, emotional and rational safety in the school environment must be met in order for kids to boom academically. Children who feel insecure or socially Isolated, shut down cognitively. Emotionally nerve-racking places and or school environments have damaging effects on kids. Musical Exploration enhance academic acquisition When a kid embarks into musical geographic expedition, reading of musical notation such as basic elements of beat and pitch helps foundation edifice for music. ( Bahna-James, 1991 ) Though larning spheres of music and mathematics may look contradictory, an increasing figure of surveies on kids ‘s engagement in musical activity and cognitive development in mathematics indicate a close connexion ( Young A ; Glover,1998 ) . For case, beat in musical notation is numerical form of beats that represented by series of musical notes, runing from whole notes ( 1 round per step ) to one-fourth notes ( 4 beats per step ) and so on ( Wright, 2000 ) . Cardinal mathematical constructs are involved in order to understand the notes. Childs have to hold the ability to number the beats and the capableness to fraction notes to equal proportion. Musical composing helps kids to further sequence of musical development through phases of inventive drama, imitation and command. In musical developmental phases of a kid, the kid ‘s exposure, experience and command the environment, promote the developmental sequences in cognitive sweetening. From the debut of rattle shaking and return over vocal sound by health professional at infant age, innovation of ‘Babbling ‘ Musical at yearling age, imitation of musical expressive gestures in pre-school and formation and creative activity of new vocals at school age. The kid has wholly discovered the scheme of musical development. If chances are continue and revisited, composing of the kid ‘s development grows stronger and deeper as the ability to improvize, invent and create music. Swanwick ( 1998 ) mentioned that in Piaget ‘s theory the equilibrium of assimilation and adjustment set up sensori-motor intelligence, which later builds up conceptual intelligence of a kid in cognitive development ( Anning, 2009 ) . Producing a work of art engages kids to bring forth thoughts, and explore ways to show their emotions. Painting, playwriting, composing, artistic creative activity provide chances for them to see the procedure of art devising, which is valuable for heightening kids ‘s ability to larn within and beyond the humanistic disciplines. Art is one of the medium that people develop cultural sense and personal individuality ( Anning, 2009 ) . Art instruction in early childhood instruction, AIDSs immature kids by supplying chances to believe and larn in new ways, communicate with others and enrich the infinite they live in ( McArdle A ; Piscitelli, 2002 ) . School and instructors duty and ability to happen imaginative ways to use limited resources and clip available to guarantee kids ‘s academic accomplishment, heighten societal and emotional growing of immature kids from different divergent background. Hence, by supplying positive consequence on these developments on kids particularly ‘at-risk ‘ kids, it would nurture sensory, cognitive, societal, emotional and neurobiological system. Furthermore, it helps to develop possible leading accomplishments, positive self-esteem and assurance, co-op of future coevals. How to cite Why Are The Arts Important Education Essay, Essay examples

Macbeth scenes 1 to 3 Essay Example For Students

Macbeth scenes 1 to 3 Essay Discuss The Importance of the First Three Scenes of MacbethWilliam Shakespeare was born in Stratford upon Avon in 1564 and later died in 1616. Shakespeare was educated at a local grammar school, but did not have a university education. During those fifty-two years he created at least thirty-seven plays and poems, including his famous sonnets. Most of his work was published after his death, often without his permission.Macbeth was written sometime between 1603 and 1606 with King James in mind. The play compliments James by making his ancestor, Banquo, a hero in the play. Historically, Banquo was an accomplice in the murder of Duncan. The play also explores the issue of kingship and loyalty, which was of great importance to James.The opening scenes of the play in Macbeth are important, as they have to capture the audience’s attention. Shakespeare achieves this by introducing them to the main characters of the play, the main aspects of the plot and also by including effective sou nd effects, which create a captivating atmosphere.The play opens with a meeting of three witches up on a heath with the emphasis of lightning, thunder and darkness. Shakespeare instantly creates a mood of terror and unearthly evil. The audience is immediately plunged into the midst of things and captures their attention by introducing them to the main themes, evil and good, in an effective way. The witches are highly ambiguous creatures that create a sense of mystery. As the witches do not invite Macbeth to or even suggest the idea of killing Duncan, I feel that they are only symbolic of evil and temptation, and that Macbeth is free to resist them.â€Å" Fair is foul and foul is fair/Hover through the fog and filthy air†In this final couplet of the witches it is shown that they are truly evil by going against gods natural order and this suggests to the audience that, through out the play, the way things may not seem the way they really are.In Shakespeare’s day there wa s widespread belief in the supernatural world and the existence of witches, so this opening scene would have shocked and even frightened the audience.In the following scene we switch from the shadowy world of the witches to the contrasting world of battle and action. Once again the audience is thrown into the middle of the action, a primitive and bloody battle, which is very common in Shakespeare’s plays. King Duncan’s first words in the play are: â€Å"what bloody man is that?† The image of spilled blood appears a lot in the play and it is ironic that Duncan should mention it first. The captain, who is the â€Å"bloody man†, informed King Duncan that the loyalty and bravery of Macbeth and Banquo has defeated the invading army and the traitor Thane of Cawdor. Duncan declares that the traitor is to be executed and Macbeth is to receive his title and estates as a reward. The captain and Ross’s descriptions of the proceedings emphasise Macbeth’ s heroic part in them. This is shown in the personifications- â€Å"disdaining fortune†, â€Å"valours minion†, and â€Å"Bellona’s bridegroom†. Macbeth’s savagery is praised here because it has preserved the rightful king. But later on Macbeths savage character is condemned evil.It was usual in the eleventh century for the king to lead his army into battle himself, yet Duncan did not do this. This leads me to believe that Duncan is a coward for not taking part in the battle although Shakespeare conceives him as too old, not lacking vigor. Kings were believed to be god’s agents. So if a crime was committed against the king, it was a crime against god. This scene also explores the theme of deception, portraying Macbeth to the audience in contrast to what he becomes later on in the play. By now it is clear that the play is about the struggle between the forces of good and the forces of evil: light and dark.In scene three we meet Macbeth and Ba nquo for the first time when they meet the witches. Once again the witches are accompanied by thunder and lightning, producing a dark and evil atmosphere. The audience, are once again placed into a contrasting situation, much different from that of the previous scene of the heroic battlefield. Macbeth enters and his first words are â€Å" so foul and fair a day†, meaning that the battle has been foul but their victory has been splendid. These words echo those of the witches in the first scene, and suggest to the audience that maybe the witches have power over Macbeth or his character is very similar to that of the witches.The witches inform Macbeth of his future and tell him that he is to become thane of Cawdor and also king of Scotland. The audience already knows that he is to become Thane of Cawdor, so when the witches say that he is to become king, this makes you start questioning how. The witches also inform Banquo that his offspring will be king. The witches then abruptl y vanish within thin air. After the witches leave, Macbeth and Banquo briefly discuss the meeting with the witches,â€Å"Or have we eaten on the insane root†,This line suggests that Banquo is suspicious of the witches and does not trust them as much as Macbeth. Banquo also thinks that they are evil,â€Å"What! Can the devil speak true?†Macbeth does not think the same and Banquo is forced to warn Macbeth about ‘the instruments of darkness’. It is also in this scene that Macbeth says his first major soliloquy. This is where Macbeth gives a speech to give the audience an insight in to his inner thoughts. It begins with ‘Two truths are told’, which shows that Macbeth is starting to believe in the witches too quickly. Macbeth mentions ‘murder’ in his soliloquy, yet the witches mentioned nothing about murdering anyone showing how ambitious Macbeth his to become king, but decides to leave it to fate whether or not he becomes king. Throug hout this scene Macbeth has intervals of silence, and speaks differently to distinct people. After he received the news from Ross and Angus about becoming Thane of Cawdor, his speeches are of three different types: aside, to Banquo, and to everyone and his thought dominates his speeches to Banquo.We are introduced to the imagery of clothes in line 108, ‘borrowed robes’, and line 145, ‘strange garments’. This is important, as the clothing is a very strong and powerful image of concealment and disguise, suggesting that Macbeth hides behind his clothes of kingship. The character of the person inside may not match the outside appearance; the clothes may not fit the wearer. Shakespeare has used the ‘imperfect speakers’, the witches, to unfold the events which occur in ‘Macbeth’. They play an important part in the beginning of the play to gain the audiences interest and along with the sound effects, Shakespeare has managed to create an e nticing and fascinating first three scenes. Shakespeare has used powerful imagery to represent events, emotions and themes, and involves the audience with the characters by letting them know their inner thoughts and feelings. .u568934cf447b0c93cf28ac90b8f73afe , .u568934cf447b0c93cf28ac90b8f73afe .postImageUrl , .u568934cf447b0c93cf28ac90b8f73afe .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u568934cf447b0c93cf28ac90b8f73afe , .u568934cf447b0c93cf28ac90b8f73afe:hover , .u568934cf447b0c93cf28ac90b8f73afe:visited , .u568934cf447b0c93cf28ac90b8f73afe:active { border:0!important; } .u568934cf447b0c93cf28ac90b8f73afe .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u568934cf447b0c93cf28ac90b8f73afe { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u568934cf447b0c93cf28ac90b8f73afe:active , .u568934cf447b0c93cf28ac90b8f73afe:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u568934cf447b0c93cf28ac90b8f73afe .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u568934cf447b0c93cf28ac90b8f73afe .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u568934cf447b0c93cf28ac90b8f73afe .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u568934cf447b0c93cf28ac90b8f73afe .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u568934cf447b0c93cf28ac90b8f73afe:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u568934cf447b0c93cf28ac90b8f73afe .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u568934cf447b0c93cf28ac90b8f73afe .u568934cf447b0c93cf28ac90b8f73afe-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u568934cf447b0c93cf28ac90b8f73afe:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Modest Proposal Jonathan Swift Essay

Learning Through Work Experience

The article ‘Learning through work experience’ focus on how learners can maximize learning and work contexts to gain relevant knowledge and skills necessary in the world of labor. The article suggests that learning experiences must be observed from all forms of work in the job market and as the development source for historic, scientific, technical, intellectual, communicative, practical, and identity in individuals.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Learning Through Work Experience specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Such learning processes may be incorporated within vocational education and training forums and in other personnel development programmes. It also discusses about the work experiences and activities those teenage students in countries with well planned schooling systems must obtain. The article argues that occupational identity and competency needs to be introduced to young people through tr ainings and the education system in order to facilitate a smooth transition into the job market and also to reinforce their independence as adults (Griffiths Guile 2000, p. 2-4). The article further argues that with the heightened impact of globalization in today’s world, there is need for a new learning experience between education and work that will eventually foster lifelong learning to learners (Griffiths Guile 2000, p. 5). Therefore understanding the everyday changes in the labor world means linking formal programmes to the work sector. The article emphasizes that North American and EU literature have in the past assumed that students would develop their skills and knowledge while at work place (Griffiths Guile 2000, p. 8-9). However, the challenge comes with the increased global economic pressures, advanced information and technology. This further provides the need for any organization that aims at obtaining a competitive edge to link the two contexts in the learning process. More so, the article says that the work context must provide for learning and development of human beings, this is because, practices foster relevant skills and knowledge necessary for production in an organization. It sums up by saying that analysis of work experience revolves around education and work context, the different strategies applied within these contexts, as well as the kind of influence the context provides to the learners. It states that students need to be supported to link formal and informal learning and be given relevant knowledge for work places.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In relation to this, the study generates five work place models: the experimental model, work process model, the traditional model, and the connectivity model. These models cover the different responses to learners, policies, skills, pedagogy and economic factors (Griffiths Guile 2 000, p.8). Pedagogical learning approach believes that if a student fails to perform, then the transmitter of the knowledge has also failed. Learning in pedagogical approach focuses on instructional materials, specific outside motivation and the experiences of the teachers. It does not recount that at times children fail because of lack of participation or interest. Therefore the student is totally dependent on the teachers in the learning process. The students do not have personal initiative in acquiring knowledge and often believe that they have already received ideas, practices and subjects based on what they are taught (Hill, L. 2001, para. 1). On the other hand, the andragogical approach is oriented towards adult learners. This is because the learning process in adults is often from that of children (Hill, L.2001 para. 2).The article, ‘Learning through work experience’ fits in an andragogical approach of learning because it is advocating for incorporation of educat ion and work contexts while teaching individuals, who will in the end, enter the world of work as adults. It puts more emphasis on lifelong learning processes. Additionally, it argues that the outcomes of such an approach will lead to independent and self driven individuals (Griffiths Guile 2000, p. 2-5). In this approach, adults strive to overcome the dependency that was reinforced at their early education. As described in the article, it recommends incorporation of practical work experiences into the education programmes. The article considers learning through work experience most effective by stating that work and education forms the first context for personnel development (Griffiths Guile 2000, p. 2-5). It says that in utilizing this new idea of work experience, students can ‘negotiate’ their learning through the work experience. Additionally, the discussion focuses on an andragogical learning approach when it argues that connectivity model of labor experience pro vides a continual development of skills and knowledge through the learning and work experience. The students therefore do not end up wholly relying on the educators for their effective performance rather their participation enhances their skills and knowledge (Hill 2001, para. 1).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Learning Through Work Experience specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The work process model is one of the models of training and development that can be applied and used to familiarize students with various contexts of education and work. In this case, learning and development is done through work experience. There is a very big influence of the context of work to learning outcomes and experience. Therefore, there is need to develop a good curriculum that will give students an opportunity to relate between informal and formal learning. This is because there are cases where formal knowledge is taught to stud ents but it ends up being irrelevant to work experiences (Griffiths Guile 2000, p.9). The labor process can only be understood through an effective work and knowledge framework. This means that it will situate work practices to their actual contexts that are supposed to be understood. In the long run, this model prepares apprentices to switch work places and environments more easily. They will also be in a better position to engage in new organizational changes. In order to design an effective learning and development program, it is important that the system prevents any learning breakdown. The program must also not exclude any learner from the process. This in turn fosters equal opportunities for all the learners. One barrier that has not been addressed in the above stated model of learning is the nature of human labor enhancement in both the personnel and educators and the context in which it takes place. The trainers must not feel unconfident or uncertain about meeting the vario us needs of the learners. More so, the content must be within the different learning contexts. This eventually results into a successful training upon the human labor. To overcome the barrier, the management must provide enabling processes and mechanism that support the diverse needs of learners. The mechanism must be aligned to the different learning needs and in a way that minimizes any kind of barrier in the learning process. The other barrier is language and communication problems in learners and trainers. This barrier may come from the medium of development and learning. In most formal teaching, the learning processes use a different language from the learner’s first language. If unattended to, the probability of linguistic hurdles is high, meanings that there will be miscommunication in the learning process.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Following linguistic challenges, the learners who use their second languages face segregation and minimal expectations from their peers. In most occasions, educators find it challenging to develop appropriate support programs to deal with the difficulty. To overcome this barrier, trainers should design programs that incorporate both formal and informal learning experiences. This ensures that learners with language and communication problems also gain knowledge and skills in the learning process. They should also encourage positive work relations hence giving the individuals the opportunity to choose who to share their learning process with. More so is the difficulties that learners with physical impairments face hence a barrier to evenly provide a learning process to the different individuals. The barrier may be overcome by provision of alternative and augmentative communication in the organization. This ensures that individuals with such challenges are not entirely excluded from th e learning process (Noe 2009, p. 29). Customer model is one of the learning and development models that can be used in an organization to foster skills and knowledge in employees. After aligning the program with the company’s functions, the trainers must ensure that the personnel completely understand what the business aims at providing to its customers. This is because the employees are in constant contact with the customers who are the main assets of the business. This therefore means that failure to deliver products and services that are in line with customers’ can result in lose of customers. This can be an adverse effect on the performance of the company. It is therefore important for the employees to understand that customers have a right to choose which business to deal with hence winning their goodwill is essential for continuous functionality of the company. The structure and content of the program in this training model are aligned to the business group and t hen the personnel’s attention to the customers. With the customer model, productivity increases because the employees know that their success and the business’ highly depend on the business target market. Implementation of the model can therefore be resourceful for personnel development (Noe 2009, p.29). Reference List Griffiths, T. Guile, D., 2000. Learning through work experience. Web. Hill, L., 2001. Pedagogical and andragogical learning. Web. Noe, A.R., 2009. Employee training and development, [E-book], New York: McGraw-Hill. Web. This essay on Learning Through Work Experience was written and submitted by user Jaidyn Nolan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Nirvana

Nirvana Nirvana is the final or the ultimate state a monk attains after he passes through the initial three paths and became completely free from all becoming. It is liberation from the evils of ordinary life, the disappearance of all remnants of individuality, the feeling of "I" or "mine" or "me". It is a condition in which nothing stirs, nothing moves, nothing changes. When the Arhat or the holy one passes away, he attain the realm where there is nothing, where there is "neither solid nor fluid, neither heat nor motion, neither this world nor any other world, neither the sun nor the moon." This is called the cessation of becoming which is "neither arising, nor passing away, neither standing still nor being born, nor dying." It is Nirvana, which is unborn, without source, uncreated and unformed real into which escape is possible for the beings through cessation of craving. The Buddha did not encourage speculation by the initiates on the condition of Nirvana, because of the purely subjective nature of the experience. But an understanding of Nirvana was considered essential for the monks to attain it finally. What is actually the state of Nirvana? Is it a passing away into some void, into some nothingness, into some state that is without a center and without a boundary ? If it is liberation, passing away or dying out, then into what? What happens when a person attains Nirvana? Is Nirvana a kind of death from purely mental point of view? These are some of the difficult question we try to answer here. If we go by the sermon of flame delivered by the Buddha, Nirvana is the extinction of lust, of aversion, of delusion (raga, dvesha and moha), and of the urge to live. We are also told that when Nirvana is attained all becoming comes to an end. The notion of "I" and the "conceit of self-reference" disappears, since all notions of individuality have gone. We are not sure whether Nirvana is a state of bliss or not, unlike in Hinduism whe... Free Essays on Nirvana Free Essays on Nirvana Nirvana Nirvana is the final or the ultimate state a monk attains after he passes through the initial three paths and became completely free from all becoming. It is liberation from the evils of ordinary life, the disappearance of all remnants of individuality, the feeling of "I" or "mine" or "me". It is a condition in which nothing stirs, nothing moves, nothing changes. When the Arhat or the holy one passes away, he attain the realm where there is nothing, where there is "neither solid nor fluid, neither heat nor motion, neither this world nor any other world, neither the sun nor the moon." This is called the cessation of becoming which is "neither arising, nor passing away, neither standing still nor being born, nor dying." It is Nirvana, which is unborn, without source, uncreated and unformed real into which escape is possible for the beings through cessation of craving. The Buddha did not encourage speculation by the initiates on the condition of Nirvana, because of the purely subjective nature of the experience. But an understanding of Nirvana was considered essential for the monks to attain it finally. What is actually the state of Nirvana? Is it a passing away into some void, into some nothingness, into some state that is without a center and without a boundary ? If it is liberation, passing away or dying out, then into what? What happens when a person attains Nirvana? Is Nirvana a kind of death from purely mental point of view? These are some of the difficult question we try to answer here. If we go by the sermon of flame delivered by the Buddha, Nirvana is the extinction of lust, of aversion, of delusion (raga, dvesha and moha), and of the urge to live. We are also told that when Nirvana is attained all becoming comes to an end. The notion of "I" and the "conceit of self-reference" disappears, since all notions of individuality have gone. We are not sure whether Nirvana is a state of bliss or not, unlike in Hinduism whe...

Brand Media Strategy for Integrated munications Planning

Integrated marketing munication is important for irrespective of the kinds of panies such as small sized panies and the multinational panies. However, the mode of munication differs in some regards. This is because of the fact that every promotional mode does require high-end investments, which is not feasible to every organization. Another point is that different panies have different levels for the same promotional mode, which is mainly because of their global presence that pels them to approach the market differently. Irrespective of the kinds of the munication campaigns, all the panies have some similarities, which is the usability of some mon campaigning mediums such as traditional and non-traditional modes (Ang 2014). The chosen product for this assignment is â€Å"Samsung Galaxy S6†, which is set to be presented in this assignment as a product for undergoing the market munication planning. The reason to choose Samsung Galaxy S6 is the dominance of the previous offering of the same series. However, the overwhelming success, which the Samsung pany had ever fetched with the Galaxy S3, was never repeated. Some of the recent offerings of the series felt miserably in petition from some other petitors such as Sony and HTC. The recent offerings of the same series such as S4 and S5 could not sustain the same performance as done by the S3. This is because of the fact it b es important that the pany does overwhelming promotion of the product, so that, it catches the minds of users (Belch et al. 2014). The main purpose of this assignment is to analyze the existing market situation of galaxy S6. Moreover, this assignment is set to provide some effective medium of promotions to help the brand dominating and recapturing the minds of customers even more than before. After the launch of the product, it has already steered the market with a sheer selling of approximately around 55 millions of unit’s sales. During the first three month of the launch of the product, it has already boosted the market share of the pany; however, it is finding stiff petition from some other petitors such as Iphone6 and HTC. Samsung is facing a direct petition from the Apple’s Iphone6 in respect to the cost of the product. The pany has always performed exceptionally well on paper when it es to the power packed inbuilt features. However, it fell short of every Apple’s product of the same generation when it es to the overall performance of the product. This is one such reason, which has kept Samsung engaged for producing something bigger than before and outplays its biggest rival Apple’s Iphone. The parative study of Galaxy S6 does very well indicate towards a fact that the irrespective of the kinds of offerings of the product is unmatchable fr om other. However, rest depends on the actual market responses and the customer’s feedbacks. The market petition is fierce because of the fact that both the Samsung and Iphone do brig their flagship handsets every year on a regular basis. However, this is also an undeniable fact that the market share of Samsung Smartphones has witnessed a dip of 57% whereas Apple has witnessed a rise of approximately around 40% (Inquirer, 6, Latest, & read, 2017). The main objective behind integrated market munication is to grab a maximum awareness of customers. Moreover, these marketing munication modes have now b e widely used tools for the irrespective kinds of panies. Nevertheless, the quality of integrated marketing munication does produce a resonant effect on the market. This is done by means of several promotional modes, which are highly important for generating the spaces in the market. Nevertheless, the main objective behind the integrated marketing munication tool is to capitalize a pre-release dominance on the market and cash on the hyped curiosity. This is very effective in making huge unit sales in the initial few days after the venturing of the product (Blakeman 2014). Another objective behind the integrated munications modes is the enhancement of brand appeal, which helps in generating enough buzz in the market. This helps the brand in providing a stiff petition to the other petitors in the market. Samsung has the same objective with the Galaxy S6 as they want to capitalise the minds of consumers to give its product enough of spaces to fill this gap with some gigantic unit sales. The planning for the integrated marketing munication would be to pronounce the effect of the product by giving it some modification to receive the attention and support the brand with some good sales (Boone and Kurtz 2013). At present, the product is lagging behind to its biggest rival Iphone6 and Samsung is finding no solution to outclass the presence of Iphone in the market. This is indeed very difficult to re-establish the buzz among the customers about an existing product but this is how integrated marketing munication works. Integrated marketing munication is a good weapon for panies before the launch of the product; however, it continues to provide beneficial ou es to its inhibitors. The execution of integrated marketing munication is to support the launched product with some innovative ideas to support its growth before the ultimate fall in graph happens. Following are two most important objectives behind an Integrated Marketing munications (Lin 2012): The best way to conduct the planning of the integrated marketing munication would be to use the Percentage of Sales method, which is widely used across most of the big multinational panies. This method includes the usage of the percentage of the past sales, which is the generated revenue. However, it is entirely up to the pany that how they plan for the usage of percentage. They can take percentage from the profit generated by some other products or they can also take percentage of the past sales of the same product. Following are some of the considerations, which managers can make before making decisions on ways to take percentage from the generated past sales (Percy 2014): Following are some of the examples, which show the advantages of using the Percentage of Sales method for planning the budget for the integrated marketing munication (Rogala and Kaniewska-S?ba 2013): However, the method has some disadvantages as well, which are as follows (Schultz, Patti and Kitchen 2013): The chosen mode for the integrated marketing munication is the Advertising and the Public Relations. However, it is very important to appropriately allocate the budgeting to the different kinds of integrated marketing munication modes. The chosen method for the integrated marketing munication is the Percentage of Sales Method, which makes this important for the planning team that they allocate minimal budget to the advertisements. This is because of the fact that the proposed method for the integrated marketing munication is best productive with the lower expenditures on the advertisements costs. The advertisement itself contains several of domains, which needs the allocation of budget but to a minimal degree. The advertisement may include but not limited to the factors mentioned such as printing, direct mailing, broadcasting and outdoor expenses. The budget may include several factors such as media costs, ads creation costs and conducting research to evaluate the success of the plan ning. Some of the panies do often pay approximately 15% of the costs involved in the purchasing of media to the advertising agency; however, some pay a set free. Nevertheless, some might also plan the advertising internally by hiring some copywriters and graphic designers on a contractual basis. They can efficiently handle the advertisement works. Hiring graphic designers and copywriters on a contractual basis looks very preferable choices for the chosen method, as the chosen method does not allow any higher expenditure on the advertisements (Shimp and Andrews 2012). Allocation of budgeting in PR involves the expenditures on all the necessary ponents of the PR activities. It includes the relationship making with the member of media through different functionalities such as press releases, free samples and media days. Some PR may also include the running of promotion such as conduction of a cause-marketing campaign. Some other effective ways to generate PR is to donate some funding of the pany to some of the non-profit organizations in the name of charity works and sponsoring for different kinds of sports (Thorson and Moore 2013). To develop an integrated marketing munication for Samsung Galaxy S6, it is required to follow some necessary steps that are widely important for the program. Following are some of the steps; which can be used to develop the integrated marketing munications for Galaxy S6: There are different modes of marketing munications available; however, it is necessary to identify the best possible and feasible modes of marketing munications. Different kinds of marketing munications are such as advertising, social media and sales promotions. However, in the development of marketing munication for the galaxy S6, it is best feasible to stick to the two most widely used and effective tools such as advertising and PR for the marketing munication. The advertising mode is selected as it consumes less expenditures and best feasible to the Percentage Sales method of Budgeting. The advertising mode of munication is controllable and can be reduced to lower expenditures on hiring some copywriters and graphic designers on a contractual basis.  Ã‚   PR is another very important aspect in developing the marketing munication strategies for a product. This is nothing but a close interaction with the media personals. This is one of the easiest ways to interact with media and mu nicated indirectly to the targeted customers. This is also useful in promoting products in media shows, which is very useful for highlighting the newly added features in the existing product. This helps increase the curiosity level in customers to some extents as they are being promised to get more out of the box (Yeshin 2012). The development of advertising can be done by hiring some copywriters and graphic designers on a contractual basis. They are cost-effective, which is important, as the chosen method is Percentage of Sales method. Some of the panies do spend a lot of amount on the expenditures; however, to Samsung Galaxy S6, it is best suited to stick to the hiring of required personal. This is cost-effective as well as deeply controlled approach, which provides firm support to the development management team. The development of PR can be done by making some investments on scheduling some interactions with media personals. However, the interactions should be monitored at regular intervals to check the profitability of the implemented program. This is enormously important as the measurement saves from over budgeting and unnecessary expenditures (Percy 2014). This is very important as the campaigning of different programs and relevant expenditures would be only helpful if these stunts are relevant to the customer’s needs. This is also necessary in saving the over budgeting. The different kinds of integrated marketing munications do only provide some ways to interact with customers, it never guarantees of success, which entirely depend on the customer’s perceptions. This is why it is very important to know the requirements of customers to best utilize the different kinds of munication modes. For example, if customers are wanting something on the display part of the screen and the pany unanimously came to a conclusion without having any thorough research on the problem and presented some other new addition to the existing offerings. This would simply be wastage of money and constraints on the management team. The development program would also be affected. It would be a total loss of budgeting, physical labours and time (Lin 2 012). The implementation of the chosen modes of campaigning should be done in accordance to the actual requirement of the customers. The advertisement in particular needs to be attractive and full of useful messages conveying the flow of changes in the existing offerings. This is very important in saving the campaigning from any kinds of failure. The PR related activities does not need any charming presentation, as quality is more important than just the words. The interaction with the media personals would be to show the highly incremented gratitude to their requirements and the counter actions from the pany. The message needs to be clearly delivered at the time of interaction with the media personals (Percy 2014). The evaluation and monitoring of the proposed marketing munications is very important to help pany save from unnecessary expenditures and over budgeting. This is because of the fact that a continuous evaluation is mandate to bring the maximum profitability to the selected product by implementing chosen IMC. Following are some of the ways, which are extremely helpful in evaluating the ou e of the implemented IMC program (Young 2014): KPIs are extensively useful in measuring the ou e of the proposed campaigning for the enhancement of existing sales of the Galaxy S6. The evaluation can be made by measuring the success of both the program on a scoring scale to check the level of success such as customer feedbacks with numbers of positives or negatives responses and the publishing media news, which help check the reflection of campaign on the media personals Return on investments is another method to check the profitability of the campaigning as it is a long term evaluation method, which would give results only when the units sales of the product are increased The first point of r mendation is related to the pricing of the galaxy S6, which is very much manageable than incepting some new features in the product. This is probably has b e a popular trend among the different Smartphone panies. This help grab and turn the attention of customers into their favour. A high number of populations living in the world do prefer a reasonable pricing tagged to the top-end offerings. Samsung has also mitted the same thing but their price reduction is not that much low, which could pete with some other brands such as Lenovo. However, the highlighted problem was related to the severe petition with the Iphone6, which means that a price reduction would certainly influence and change the perceptions of a group of customers that has less priority to high-end pricing. However, it would not help pany in winning the hearts of premium customers, as they have more concerns for quality product and less regards to the pricing. Indeed, the quality of Galaxy S6 is not poor but it is not as good as Iphone6. Integrated marketing munication is helpful in making some useful revenues; however, it is only an alternate solution, which could enhance the profitability of a venture to some extent. Organizations need not depend entirely on the integrated marketing munication campaigning as the quality of the product matters the most. However, the importance of marketing munications can never be ignored as it adds some important values to the credibility of the products. Ang, L., 2014.  Principles of integrated marketing munications. Cambridge University Press. Belch, G.E., Belch, M.A., Kerr, G.F. and Powell, I., 2014.  Advertising: An integrated marketing munication perspective. McGraw-Hill Education. Blakeman, R., 2014.  Integrated marketing munication: creative strategy from idea to implementation. Rowman & Littlefield. Boone, L.E. and Kurtz, D.L., 2013.  Contemporary marketing. Cengage learning. Inquirer, T., 6, S., Latest, I., & read, M. 2017. Samsung sheds market share as the Galaxy S6 fails to challenge Apple's iPhone 6 | TheINQUIRER. https://www.theinquirer.net. Retrieved 1 May 2017, from https://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/2422775/samsung-sheds-market-share-as-galaxy-s6-fails-to-challenge-the-iphone-6 Lin, T.L., 2012. The Sparks When Integrated Marketing munications Meets Word-of-Mouth Marketing and Experience Marketing.  New York Science Journal,  5(5), pp.70-85. Percy, L., 2014.  Strategic integrated marketing munications. Routledge. Rogala, A. and Kaniewska-S?ba, A., 2013. Internal munication as a marketing munications tool. In  13th International Marketing Trends Conference, pod red. Franà §oise CONCHON-Pary?: ESCP-AEP European School of Management. Schultz, D., Patti, C.H. and Kitchen, P.J., 2013.  The evolution of integrated marketing munications: The customer-driven marketplace. Routledge. Shimp, T.A. and Andrews, J.C., 2012.  Advertising promotion and other aspects of integrated marketing munications. Cengage Learning. Thorson, E. and Moore, J., 2013.  Integrated munication: Synergy of persuasive voices. Psychology Press. Yeshin, T., 2012.  Integrated marketing munications. Routledge. Young, A., 2014.  Brand media strategy: integrated munications planning in the digital era. Springer. With a decade's experience in providing essay help,

Bird & Bird the Leader in Extensive Legal Services Provision Research Paper

Bird & Bird the Leader in Extensive Legal Services Provision - Research Paper Example It is stated in the case that â€Å"B&B lawyers wanted to be able to access case histories and other legal reference materials online from any of the firm’s 14 offices†. This is one of the highlighted issues that require the attention of the knowledge management (KM) team. Knowledge management system is very important to the business for it usually plays the role of organizing people and generating software and databases by using business expertise and experience. In response to the issue, a development team is created that includes the effort of KM team, information systems specialists and the personnel of 14 offices. The purpose of developing new system demands a team effort in order to meet the purpose of the information system. Another cited issue is all about the â€Å"searching capabilities for finding topic-related content within documents stored in the KM system† (Stair & Reynolds, 2010, p. 478). B&B lawyers are not satisfied with the result provided when using the traditional knowledge search because it generates long lists of results that are not relevant to the answer (Marcinko, n.d.). To address this concern, KM team adapted conceptSearching which is different and more flexible compared to the traditional keyword search. ConceptSearching has the ability to retrieve relevant information in a way that upon entering the natural sentences the nearest searched information is ranked according to relevancy (Chapline & Jytyla, n.d., p. 2). Through the collaboration of KM team, UCLogic and concept searching, a new expert system called â€Å"know-how† has been created. The designed user interface is important to make the usage of KM system easier for the users. The driver for change is B&B’s clients wherein the intention is to share the ways of doing business (White & Flutsch, 2006). Using the internal and external repositories for the new system is risky because there is a possibility that the storage capacity cannot handle the number of documents. Although technology  plays a relevant role in the society nowadays, it can never replace all the intelligence attributes of human beings.  

The Most Pressing Environmental Problems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Most Pressing Environmental Problems - Essay Example For the last several years, ocean acidity has increased by about 30%. In the next century, scientists expect the acidity to increase by 150%. The acidification is a threat to sea creatures and can result in the extinction of some species (Harris 2012). Population increase is perhaps the most disturbing environmental issue. In the last 70 years, the world’s population has tripled placing stress on all other aspects of the environment. Forests occupy more than 30 percent of the land and play a significant role in cleansing carbon emissions. They are also home to wildlife and protect us from flooding and sandstorms. For the last century, deforestation has been on the rise, and its effects are profound. Cutting trees threaten wildlife and contribute to the greenhouse gas emissions. The last stress is climate change that arises from the adverse use of natural resources by man (Harris 2012). Business should help solve the problems by promoting environmental friendly production methods. They can, for example, minimize water usage to avail it for human consumption. Businesses in the industrial sector can treat wastes released into the oceans to prevent water pollution. To curb climate change, manufacturing companies can reduce their carbon dioxide emissions. In other words, putting regulations and the use of best practices in business operations can provide effective solutions to the environmental problems.

What is Hajj Essay Example for Free

What is Hajj Essay Hajj is one of the five Islamic pillars. It is where all capable Muslims must go on a pilgrimage at least once in a lifetime to Makkah in the last month of the Islamic year. These months are Muharram, Safar, Rabi al-Awal, Rabi al-Thani, Jumad al- Ula, Jumad al-Thani, Rajab, Shabaan, Ramadaan (Month for Daily Obligatory Fasts), Shawwaal, Dhul- Qidah and Dhul- Hijjah (the month for Hajj). And Hajj (pilgrimmage to Makkah) to the House (Ka`abah) is a duty that mankind owes to Allah, those who can afford the expenes (for ones conveyance, provision, and residence) Al-Quran:Surah 3 (Al-Imran); Verse 97 Hajj is the name given to the journey made by Muslims to the Kabba at Makka in Arabia. It is a very large, spiritual gathering and they arrive in very large numbers, sometimes up to 340 a minute. Women wear a burka (a long cloth covering from the head to the feet) men wear a sort of tunic for hajj. When they arrive at Makka the first thing they do is bathe and put white sheets on to enter purity (Ihram). They then go to a sacred mosque to start prayers; they repeat the Talbiya over and over again (translated into English): Here I am O Allah, Here I am Here I am. There is no partner with you. Here I am. Verily, Thine is the praise, the blessings and the sovereignty of the Universe Thou has no partner They then run between two hills to represent what happened when Hajar did this to find water for her son Ishmal. They come to the spring (Zam Zam), which Allah found and people desperately try to drink and bathe in the water which comes from it. This is a Muslims search for spiritually. After this they walk 7 times around the Ka`aba (black stone), this symbolizes when 630 people rode into Makka and destroyed all Idols and Allah forgave the citizens. The first night of the Hajj is spent at Mina. The second day is spent at Arafat; this is where the prophet Muhammad gave his farewell speech, it is desert location approximately 9 miles from Makka. Muslims say this prayer upon entering Arafat so that Allah forgives their sins: O Allah! Forgive my sins, help me repent to you, and grant me all that I beseech of You. Whenever I turn, let me see goodness. Allah be praised! All Praise is due to Allah! There is no deity except Allah! And Allah is The Most Great. The Muslims collect small stones for the following day. Day three is spent at Mina; this is where the Muslims stone the devils (Jamrahs). 7 stones are thrown at each of the 3 pillars; they do this because the devils tempted Ibraham to disobey Allah three times, it shows that they are against anything devilish. Weak and sick people can appoint others to throw stones at the Jamrahs in Mina on behalf of them. Tawaf al-Wada is the farewell Tawaf that a pilgrim performs just before leaving Makka for other destinations. It is the same as before when they go around the black stone in 7 circuits, starting from the black stone line. After completing the Tawaf, it is good but not required to pray too Rakahs behind Maqam Ibrahim. This day is the sacrifice day where they sacrifice an animal (Eid-ul Adha); they are supposed to sacrifice goats, sheep, rams, camels or cows. This act is performed to commemorate Prophet Abrahams act of sacrificing his oldest son Prophet Ismaeel on the command of Allah. Allah substituted Prophet Ismaeel with a ram. Muslims are required to donate 1/3 rd of the meat to the poor, distribute 1/3 rd of the meat to friends and relatives, and keep 1/3 rd of the meat for themselves. Men shave their heads and women cut off locks of hair. After this they return to Makka again to do 7 more circuits of the Ka`aba. Muslims take part in the Hajj because they believe that it is their duty to go, so that Allah will respect them and they will live in paradise when they die. Even if they cannot go for any reason they believe that having the right attitude about going will be acceptable to Allah. It provides an opportunity for Muslims with diverse racial, ethnic and geographical heritage to exchange views, get acquainted and feel unified as one Ummah (community) on a global level. They also go because they enjoy the spiritual gathering, they are happy and they like being around other Muslims who share the same beliefs as they do. Not all Muslims go to Hajj however, as there are certain difficulties effecting whether or not they can go. Some people cannot afford to go but would do if they have the money, if they still have the intention to go (Niyyah) this would still be acceptable to Allah. They can send one person to represent a whole community, which is also accepted. As Hajj is so popular (over 2 million people go each year) they have to limit the numbers of people who go, this means that not everyone who wants to go can, so this is again another difficulty Muslims have. People also have difficulties attending Hajj because they have disabilities or they are unable to walk etc. For example and old person who is frail may not be able to cope with the heat and walking/travelling far. People who are ill and have ill health may also not be able to attend Hajj, as they may be bed-ridden etc. If people cannot attend Hajj for various reasons but have intention (Niyyah) to go, it is still acceptable to Allah. Participating in Hajj affects the life of a believer because they come alive spiritually. It is important for them to go and they feel love from Allah while they are there. They enjoy going, to be around other Muslims. When they return they feel closest to God as they stood on the site where the Prophet delivered his sermon during his first and last pilgrimage. They go back full of joy as they have for filled Allahs wish. They also return with a better understanding of Allah and a born a spirit of caring for others and an understanding of their own heritage that will last throughout their lives. A true pilgrimage is really a journey within. It is important to physically go to Makka but if it is not possible to go I believe that you can still participate spiritually. I believe that if it is in your heart to go this should be accepted as you can still enjoy Hajj without going. You can use technology to participate in Hajj, for example you could pray while watching the festival on television or look at a video of the gathering on the Internet. You could also have your own party at home with other Muslims who do not go to Makka and celebrate Hajj and the end of Hajj (Eid ulad ha) together. Just because you do not go to Makka does not mean you do not follow Allah, you can still participate in Hajj without physically being there. So people who cannot go for various reasons such as old age etc can still enjoy the celebrations and not be cast out of them for being different. If I were a Muslim I may have a different view on this subject because they believe that if it is physically possible to go, you should go no mater what, as Allah would want you to. They feel that it is a religious duty to go, as it is one of the five pillars. A Muslim would go because they want to please their God, Allah.

The Misadventures of a Few :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I remember this account of my life, because I was an especially terrible child during this time. It was a brisk, paltry fall in 1988. I was nine years old. A couple of friends, my two brothers, my sister and I were all heading north along a river in Chicago. We weren’t in a boat or anything; we were walking right along the banks. The banks were filled with trees, shrubs and tall grass, and on top of that, the bank was on a slope. It was a bit difficult to navigate ourselves, but we just had to do it. What were we up to? Well we had heard stories that in this particular area of the river, there were Satanic worshippers who sacrificed women to Lucifer, the Devil. As we go north, on this bank along this river, I will be anxious to reveal our exploits along this path, the â€Å"devil’s rock†, and our, almost, disastrous escape.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The morning started just as any other. I would wake to a bowl of cereal and then make a dashing escape out of the house to meet a friend. My friend’s and I all lived on the same block. Anything we had going on involved one of us. We were a very tight pack and never let anyone get in with the group without some sort of initiation. On this particular day, in the late September month, we had decided today that we were going to finally find out whether the stories were really true. The weather was perfect, not a cloud in sight. When all of us finally got together, we began our trip to the river.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Getting to the river was not a very long or hard task. We lived relatively close, to say the least; it was about five blocks from our houses. It was a little strange while we were traveling to the river, because as time went by, the clouds started coming in. By the time we made it to the river, it was no longer a beautiful, bright sunny day, it was now a cool, colorless day. How could the weather change in such a short amount of time? Good question! When you are young and walking with a bunch of friend’s, you tend to talk fast and walk very, very slow. I believe it must have taken us anywhere between twenty minutes to an hour to get to our destination.

Gaskell North and South Essay

Gaskell’s ‘North and South’, set in Victorian England, is the story of Margaret Hale, a young woman whose life is completely turned on its head when her family moves to northern England. As an outsider from the agricultural south, Margaret is initially shocked by the aggressive northerners of the dirty, smoky industrial town of Milton, but as she adapts to her new home, she defies social conventions with her ready sympathy and defense of the working poor. Her passionate advocacy of the lower classes leads her to repeatedly clash with charismatic mill owner John Thornton over his treatment of his workers. While Margaret denies her growing attraction to him, Thornton agonizes over his foolish passion for her, in spite of their heated disagreements. As tensions mount between them, a violent unionization strike explodes in Milton, leaving everyone to deal with the aftermath in the town and in their personal lives. Gaskell’s novel could certainly be described as a social commentary; England at the time was extremely class-conscious, yet In almost all cases, Margaret does not so much choose sides as acknowledge mutually dependent and beneficial relationships. Though her family has very little in the way of money or assets, her family roots are in the gentry, yet when the family is moved up North to Milton, Margaret befriends and socializes with both ends of the social spectrum, mill owners and workers. Margaret is even capable of initiating a friendship of sorts between worker and owner, Higgins and Thornton even come up with a plan together to provide a canteen for the workers to get hot food. Differences in life in the South and life in the North are compared and contrasted often in a very subtle fashion, as are the differences in values and class structure. It is also very interesting to note that the difficulties of the lives of the impoverished factory workers are highlighted, however the difficulties faced by the factory owners are also presented. Through Margaret, Gaskell is able to transcend social class and at the same time create a hero amongst the industrial poverty of Milton, she acts in a way that would have been unconventional and frowned upon at the time for the good of such people as the Higgins family. When she is seen bringing a basket of food to the house during the workers strike, her peers condemn her at a dinner at the Thornton’s. Highlighting both the differences between northern and southern culture and the clashes between social conscientiousness. It could be said that ‘North and South’ is a novel defined by the resolution of binary conflicts; Margaret Hale is presented with a number of divisions of sympathy, between industrialists and the working class, between conflicting views of Mr.  Thornton, and even between her conflicting views of her own intelligence. Nancy Mann, in her essay â€Å"Intelligence and Self-Awareness in ‘North and South’: a Matter of Sex and Class† stipulates that the novel â€Å"concentrates on a crucial problem of the development of the novel in the nineteenth century, the relationship between abstract intelligence and self-awareness, and the ways in which this relationship may be affected by factors of sex and class†(1). What Mann is saying is that Gaskell is successful in throwing off the conventional boundaries of the classic romantic Victorian with all its feminist connotations and persuasions and has created a character that transcends the constraints of class and what is proper to actually do some good in her new environment. Gaskell’s most prominent social explorations however come in the form of contrasts. For example Margaret’s relationship with the Higgins family, especially Bessie, both nineteen years old when they meet, one healthy and the other gravely ill can be seen as a dramatic comment on class iniquity. Gaskell uses Bessie as a dramatic device in the novel to draw Margaret and her father closer, a task some literary critics consider to be so well done that Bessie is often discounted from the actual story. She is also a device to show the plight of the working class woman, Bessie is even described by one critic as ‘the most extensive portrait of a factory girl in the mainstream industrial novels, and as such, she reveals the political and economic tensions surrounding working class women'(2). Even Margaret says â€Å"Bessie’s comments address the specific problems of working-class women, problems that both unions and the middle class have an interest in ignoring†. Even when Bessie’s religious beliefs and her questioning of unionism are considered she is very revealing, Margaret sees her as having â€Å"a politics of her own† which both reveals her sense of disenfranchisement from the ongoing struggle between ‘masters and men’ and presents the most telling evidence in the novel of the iniquities of the class system. Something else that has to be considered in this scenario with Bessie as a dramatic tool towards Gaskell’s social commentary Elizabeth Gaskell’s ‘North and south’: A National Bildungsroman. † Victorian Newsletter 85 (1994) Briefly traces the emergence of and critical debate on the industrial novel, noting â€Å"the industrial novels have been read largely in relation to male working-class history, not in relation to female working-class history or to the emerging nineteenth-century women’s movement. The critic also goes on to stipulate that the comments on the patriarchal foundations of both Chartism and the union movement makes a case for the need to consider Marxist and feminist issues when considering the issues raised in north and south. He goes on to suggest that â€Å"by placing her heroine, Margaret Hale, between North and South, Gaskell attempts to bring to the surface the unconscious bifurcations that produce class and gender ideologies† and that because the novel is both a Bildungsroman as well as an industrial novel it acquires â€Å"unusual dimensions in both categories†(3). Feminism also plays a big part in Gaskell’s novel, through her three main characters, Margaret, Thornton and Higgins Gaskell shows a struggle for growth and indicates what the future of society may hold for people in similar situations and how society can grow as a whole. When the novel is examined as a debate on class and gender issues, the amount of time the characters spend â€Å"arguing about word choices, definitions and analogies† it is clear that almost all interactions in the novel are affected in some way by gender or class, even in language, â€Å"every term that comes under debate is changed with class or gender import†(4). With this much importance forced upon the character’s class and gender by their social environment a reader is certainly inclined to read the novel as an exploration into the Victorian class system rather than a conventional love story of the time. Even in Margaret’s romantic capacity as a woman, her gradual sexual awareness of John Thornton and their Marriage at the end of the novel is more understandable to read in a more feminist light than a romantic one. In marrying Thornton Margaret enters into a mutually equal relationship, one where her influence and goals will be felt as well as his, â€Å"through Margaret, Gaskell subtly reveals the new directions women are taking toward independent action and freedom†(5). However at the same time recognizing that the changes she undergoes are in no way revolutionary and that though the conflicting ideas of obedience and freedom are not completely settled by the end of the novel, â€Å"at least one woman has emerged into responsible adulthood and has claimed her part in deciding the terms of that settlement†(6). What is most interesting about this novel is that all the elements of a romantic novel are there, but it is written in a way that turns the readers head from the sentimental pride and prejudice Esq. prose and makes them focus on the environment and its social deficiencies â€Å"through this story of social rejection and Christian compassion, Gaskell charges her culture to replace what she sees as a rigid and reductive old testament ethic of charity†(7). This idea of a old to new change in a religious sense is also backed by Gaskell’s own Unitarian background, her father was a Unitarian minister, as was her husband, Margaret’s father in the novel itself is also a minister it could even be suggested that â€Å"Gaskell’s beliefs provided her with an alternative vision of society and code of behavior†(8) the importance of Gaskell’s religious beliefs and Unitarianism can be found in many aspects of the novel, not least that Unitarianism believed in the cultivation of the intellect regardless of sex, she found the religious authority to challenge the patriarchal subjugation of women, especially those who failed to fulfill their designated role in society. It is ironic to think; â€Å"in a period nearly defined by its theological doubt, Gaskell’s spiritual faith authorizes her revolutionary vision†(9). When Mr. Thornton, without further verbal explication, proposes to Margaret in a â€Å"strange and presumptuous way† at the end of the novel, we see the proper structure of an intimate relationship, both sides respect each other’s power while Thornton refuses to impose a political hierarchy. This is emphasized by the exchange over the flowers, which he bought as a token of her independent self, which is a revolutionary idea in itself at this point in history and conversely, gives rise to his second comment referring to marriage as possession, saying he had â€Å"no hope of ever calling her mine†, and the second refutation of such terms. Although the novel does not strive at any point to be romantic at the expense of the real issues that Gaskell tackles in the way people lived at the time, their unspoken resolution to marry signifies the resolution of the novel the binding of two genders, halves of England, social classes, and individuals, into one. In conclusion Gaskell is very successful in going further than any of her peers in actually exploring deficiencies in Victorian culture and society, although the main components of a classic love story are there, Margaret opts for the conscientious, religious option at every turn making the novel more a serious social commentary than anything else. Gaskell’s religious persuasion adds to this in that it allows her to transcend the class system and her constraints as a woman in Victorian England to address these problems under the banner of religion.

About “One is not born a woman” by Monique Witting Essay

Monique Wittig was born in July 3, 1935 in the Haut Rhin department in Alsace. She moved to Paris in the 1950s, where she studied at the Sorbonne. Her first novel, L’Opoponax, published by Minuit in 1964, immediately drew attention to her when it was awarded the Prix Mà ©dicis by a jury that included Nathalie Sarraute, Claude Simon, and Alain Robbe-Grillet. Praised by such influential writers, the novel was quickly translated into English, where it also won critical acclaim. Wittig became very involved in the events surrounding the revolt of students and workers in May of 1968. Like many others, she realized that the radical men leading the revolt were not inclined to share leadership. Wittig was one of the first theoreticians and activists of the new feminist movement. It was in this atmosphere of radical political action that she completed what is often considered her most influential work — Les Guà ©rillà ¨res – published in 1969. Revolutionary both in form and content, this novel has been widely translated, debated, and used as a source of ideas by many major feminist and lesbian thinkers and writers around the world. In May 1970, Wittig co-published what can be described as the manifesto of the French feminist movement. Ever since, Wittig’s works have included both fiction and non-fiction essays evolving an ongoing dialogue between theory and literary practice. Throughout the early ’70s, Wittig was a central figure in the radical lesbian and feminist movements in France. She was a founding member of such groups as the Petites Marguà ©rites, the Gouines rouges, and the Fà ©ministes rà ©volutionnaires. In 1973 she published Le Corps lesbien (translated into English in 1975 as The Lesbian Body), and in 1976 Brouillon pour un dictionnaire des amantes (translated into English in 1979 as Lesbian Peoples: Material For A Dictionary), co-authored by her partner Sande Zeig. In 1976 Wittig and Zeig moved to the United States. From that time on, Wittig turned her attention increasingly toward theoretical works, and a number of her most famous essays date from the late ’70s and early 80s. In a variety of genres ranging from the philosophical essay (â€Å"The Straight Mind†) to the parable (â€Å"Les Tchiches et les Tchouches†) she explored the intersections of lesbianism, feminism, and literary form. Most of these essays were published in two journals. She became part of the editorial collective of France’s major theoretical journal, Questions fà ©ministes, and she was advisory editor to an American journal, Feminist Issues, founded in part to make available in English the important works being published in France, notably in Questions Fà ©ministes. Her work became truly bi-lingual, as she translated her own work from English into French, and vice-versa. She also translated Djuna Barnes’s Spillway as La Passion. Earlier translations include Marcuse’s One-Dimensional Man and the Portugese The Three Marias’ Nouvelles lettres portugaises. She was a professor in women’s studies and French at theUniversity of Arizona in Tucson, where she died of a heart attack on January 3, 2003. Monique Wittig called herself a â€Å"Radical lesbian.†[5] This sensibility can be found throughout her books, where she depicted only women. To avoid any confusion, she stated: â€Å"There is no such thing as women literature for me, that does not exist. In literature, I do not separate women and men. One is a writer, or one is not. This is a mental space where sex is not determining. One has to have some space for freedom. Language allows this. This is about building an idea of the neutral which could escape sexuality†. A theorist of material feminism, she stigmatised the myth of â€Å"the woman†, called heterosexuality a political regime, and outlined the basis for a social contract which lesbians refuse: â€Å"†¦and it would be incorrect to say that lesbians associate, make love, live with women, for ‘woman’ has meaning only in heterosexual systems of thought and heterosexual economic systems. Lesbians are not women.† (1978) For Wittig, the category â€Å"woman† exists only through its relation to the category â€Å"man†, and â€Å"woman† without relation to â€Å"man† would cease to exist. Wittig also developed a critical view of Marxism which obstructed the  feminist struggle, but also of feminism itself which does not question the heterosexual dogma. Through these critiques, Wittig advocated a strong universalist position, saying that the rise of the individual and the liberation of desire require the abolition of gender categories. Main Idea Simone de Beauvoir said: â€Å"One is not born, but becomes a woman†. Wittig states that there is no â€Å"natural woman† and that the idea of being feminine is created by society. She also notes that since a lesbian society does exist, this defeats the idea of â€Å"natural woman.† However, Wittig recognizes that many people still believe the oppression of women is â€Å"biological as well as historical†. Wittig explains further that this could never be a lesbian approach to women’s oppression because it is based on the idea that the beginning of society is heterosexuality. Also, biology or the capability of having children is not enough to define Woman. Wittig also discusses the idea that sex is like race in the sense that it is visible and therefore seems to belong to some kind of natural order. This leads to the lesbian perspective that this perception of Woman is very â€Å"unnatural† because it was created and based before the women’s liberation movement. Wittig states: â€Å"To refuse to be a woman, however, does not mean that one has to become a man† . Meaning, that refusing to â€Å"be a woman† is simply just refusing to accept imposed ideas of femininity. She also clarifies: â€Å"Thus a lesbian has to be something else, a not-woman, a not-man, a product of society, not a product of nature, for there is no nature is society† It is not enough to simply promote women (â€Å"woman is wonderful† concept); it is the idea of being a man or a woman â€Å"which are political categories and not natural givens† that needs to be rejected. A materialist feminist approach sees women and men as separate classes. Therefore, the goal is â€Å"to suppress men as a class, not through a genocidal, but a political struggle† . This means that if there was no longer a class called â€Å"men,† there would no longer be a class called â€Å"women.† The first step would be to dispel the myth of Woman. Wittig states that â€Å"‘woman’ is there to confuse us, to hide the reality ‘women’† . She believes that the  new focus would be on personal identity. Wittig also presents a Marxist perspective. She states that Marxism lead to two results for women: the order of men and women was assumed to be natural and the conflict between men and women was hidden behind a â€Å"natural division of labor†. Also, if women united it would threaten the strength of the people in a Marxist society. Wittig concludes by calling attention again to the rejection of the myth of Woman. She believes that the categories of sex must be destroyed and that all sciences that use these definitions should also be rejected. She again comes back to the model of lesbianism; she states that this is the only category that goes beyond woman and man currently. So, in order to reject this myth of Woman we must destroy â€Å"heterosexuality as a social system which is based on the oppression of women by men and which produces the doctrine of the difference between the sexes to justify this oppression† Literary Evidence Her discussion is based on Simone de Beauvoir’s quote: â€Å"One is not born a woman, but becomes a woman. No biological, psychological, or economic fate determines the figure that the human female presents in society: it is civilization as a whole that produces this creature, intermediate between male and eunuch (a man who has been castrated), which is described as feminine†. â€Å"Not only is this conception still imprisoned in the categories of sex (woman and man), but it holds onto the idea that the capacity to give birth is what defines a woman† â€Å"Before the socioeconomic reality of black slavery, the concept of race did not exist, at least not in this modern meaning, since it was applied to the lineage of families† â€Å"But what we believe to be a physical and direct perception is only a sophisticated and mythic construction, an imaginary formation, which reinterprets physical features (in themselves as neutral but marked by the social system) through the network of relationships in which they are perceived. They are seen as black, therefore they are black; they are seen as women, therefore, they are women. But before being seen that way, they first had to be made that way.† †¦.said to belong to a natural order.† â€Å"To refuse to be a woman, however,  does not mean that one has to become a man [referring to lesbians]†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Thus a lesbian has to be something else, a not-woman, a not-man, a product of society, not a product of nature, for there is no nature in society.† â€Å"The refusal to become (or to remain) heterosexual always meant to refuse to become a man or a woman, consciously or not. For a lesbian, this goes further†¦. It is the refusal of the economic, ideological and political power of a man.† â€Å"†¦ Simone de Beauvoir underlined particularly the false consciousness which consists of selecting among the features of the myth (that women are different from men) those which look good and using them as a definition for women†¦.. defining women the best features (best according to whom?) which oppression has granted us, and it does not radically question the categories â€Å"man† and â€Å"woman†, which are political categories and not natural givens.† Feminist- â€Å"Someone who fights for women as a class and for the disappearance of this class†¦ Someone who fights for woman and her defense-for the myth, then, its reinforcement.† Early feminism – â€Å"†¦for them these features where natural and biological rather than social. They adopted the Darwinist theory of evolution. They did not believe like Darwin however that women were less evolved than men, but they did believe that male and female natures had diverged in the course of evolutionary development†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Our fight aims to suppress men as a class, not through a genocidal, but a political struggle. Once the class â€Å"men† disappears, â€Å"women† as a class will disappear as well, for there are no slaves without masters†. â€Å"But to become a class we do not have to suppress our individual selves, and since no individual can be reduced to her/his oppression we are also confronted with the historical necessity of constituting ourselves as the individual subjects of our history as well.† â€Å"There is no possible fight for someone deprived of an identity†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Speaking of Marxism – â€Å"For women, Marxism had two results. It prevented them from being aware that they are a class and therefore from constituting themselves as a class for a very long time, by leaving the relation, â€Å"women/men† outside of the social order, by turning into a natural relation†¦ Marxist theory does not allow women any more than other classes of oppressed people to constitute themselves as historical subjects, because Marxism does not take into account the fact that a class also consists of  individuals one by one.† â€Å"The opposite is also true; without class and class consciousness there are no real subjects, only alienated individuals†¦.. The advent of individual subjects demands first destroying the categories of sex.† â€Å"We are escapees from our own class in the same way as the American runaway slaves were then escaping slavery and becoming free† â€Å"This can be accomplished only by the destruction of heterosexuality as a social system which is based on the oppression of women by men and which produces the doctrine of the difference between sexes to justify this oppression.† Reference to previous readings Women’s Time – Julia Kristeva (giving birth as a realization of womanhood) The Laugh of the Medusa – Cixous (beauty myth)

Free Essays on Shays Rebellion

Troubled Farmers â€Å"In the first years of peacetime, following the Revolutionary War, the future of both the agrarian and commercial society appeared threatened by a strangling chain of debt which aggravated the depressed economy of the postwar years†.1 This poor economy affected almost everyone in New England especially the farmers. For years these farmers, or yeomen as they were commonly called, had been used to growing just enough for what they needed and grew little in surplus. As one farmer explained â€Å" My farm provides me and my family with a good living. Nothing we wear, eat, or drink was purchased, because my farm provides it all.†2 The only problem with this way of life is that with no surplus there was no way to make enough money to pay excessive debts. For example, since farmer possessed little money the merchants offered the articles they needed on short-term credit and accepted any surplus farm goods on a seasonal basis for payment. However if the farmer experie nced a poor crop, shopkeepers usually extended credit and thereby tied the farmer to their businesses on a yearly basis.3 During a credit crisis, the gradual disintegration of the traditional culture became more apparent. During hard times, merchants in need of ready cash withdrew credit from their yeomen customers and called for the repayment of loans in hard cash. Such demands showed the growing power of the commercial elite.4 As one could imagine this brought much social and economic unrest to the farmers of New England. Many of the farmers in debt were dragged into court and in many cases they were put into debtors prison. Many decided to take action: The farmers waited for the legal due process as long as them could. The Legislature, also know as the General Court, took little action to address the farmers complaints. 5 â€Å"So without waiting for General Court to come back into session to work on grievances as requested, the People took matters ... Free Essays on Shays Rebellion Free Essays on Shays Rebellion Troubled Farmers â€Å"In the first years of peacetime, following the Revolutionary War, the future of both the agrarian and commercial society appeared threatened by a strangling chain of debt which aggravated the depressed economy of the postwar years†.1 This poor economy affected almost everyone in New England especially the farmers. For years these farmers, or yeomen as they were commonly called, had been used to growing just enough for what they needed and grew little in surplus. As one farmer explained â€Å" My farm provides me and my family with a good living. Nothing we wear, eat, or drink was purchased, because my farm provides it all.†2 The only problem with this way of life is that with no surplus there was no way to make enough money to pay excessive debts. For example, since farmer possessed little money the merchants offered the articles they needed on short-term credit and accepted any surplus farm goods on a seasonal basis for payment. However if the farmer experie nced a poor crop, shopkeepers usually extended credit and thereby tied the farmer to their businesses on a yearly basis.3 During a credit crisis, the gradual disintegration of the traditional culture became more apparent. During hard times, merchants in need of ready cash withdrew credit from their yeomen customers and called for the repayment of loans in hard cash. Such demands showed the growing power of the commercial elite.4 As one could imagine this brought much social and economic unrest to the farmers of New England. Many of the farmers in debt were dragged into court and in many cases they were put into debtors prison. Many decided to take action: The farmers waited for the legal due process as long as them could. The Legislature, also know as the General Court, took little action to address the farmers complaints. 5 â€Å"So without waiting for General Court to come back into session to work on grievances as requested, the People took matters ...

Dental Hygiene and the safety of Fluoride Essay

Dental Hygiene and the safety of Fluoride - Essay Example The most interesting finding was that, with all variables taken into account, nurses with a bachelor’s degree corresponded to a 5% decrease in the likelihood of patient death and failure to rescue on the part of these nurses. Using this as a basis, it is evident that having bachelor prepared nurses is important in maintaining the health of patients. Sasichay-Akkadechanunt, Scalzi, & Jawad (2003) found similar results. This study examined data from 2531 patients in various surgical and ward units in one large hospital in Thailand. The patients were split into four major categories (disease of the heart, disease of the lung, all types of cancer and cerebrovascular diseases) and data was observationally taken from their charts, as well as information from the nursing staff. The results showed again that there was a decrease in in-hospital mortality with bachelor prepared nurses. It should be noted that using this technique means that many diseases are ignored by the study which m ay not benefit from nurse education at this level, but it seems suggestible from the research that it is. Primm (1987) compared the competency of AND prepared nurses to BSN prepared nurses. BSN qualifications take roughly twice the amount of time as an AND qualification. Although both lead to RN status, Primm found evidence to suggest that BSN prepared nurses had a higher competence rating in the majority of the five areas surveyed in the study. This gives further evidence that bachelor preparation may lead to better prepared nurses, although the evidence from one study should be carefully used when generalising as many programs can be different between areas. White, Coyne & Patel (2001) investigated all members of the Oncology Nursing Society to ascertain whether nurses felt adequately prepared for end-of-life care. All the respondents said that end-of-life care was an important aspect of their work life, and each of them had covered this area in their bachelor preparation. One asp ect that came up is that nurses felt that continuing education was very important, although only two respondents had covered end-of-life care in the previous two years. This suggests that, whilst bachelor prepared nurses are important and feel qualified, there could be more education provided for nurses during their career. It must be noted that the nurses here were only questioned on their participation in end-of-life care so we must be careful not to generalize these views without careful consideration. Further evidence that bachelor prepared nurses are useful in specialized situations is provided by Kardong-Edgren & Campinha-Bacote (2008). This paper examined four groups of nurses, each from different geographical areas, and surveyed the cultural sensitivity of those with an American BSN qualification. The study found that, because cultural sensitivity and awareness of beliefs is an important aspect of gaining the BSN qualification, nurses with the qualification were more highly prepared to deal with various groups of patients. This is important as it shows that nurses with bachelor preparation may be more able to create a comfortable environment for the patient which will lead to lower in-hospital death rates and a more pleasant experience for the patient. It is important to note that this is an important aspect of nursing that can be overlooked by the literature. Thornton (1997)

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 15

Marketing - Essay Example In the food segment the Marks and Spencer’s company employs the following competitive moves so that it cab have an advantage over its rivals. First and foremost it changes its prices to suit the consumer’s purchasing power and this enables the company to have a temporary advantage over the other rivalry firms. Similarly the company makes further improvements in its food products differentiation and it also maintains good relationships with the suppliers. (Baryon 2006) In the industry this is a very strong force since the Marks and Spencer’s company’s food industry has strong brand images and this makes it very hard for the new entrants. The initial capital expenditures are very huge and the exiting companies are achieving their economies of scale by being global. Another threatening factor to the potential new entrants is the trade tariffs as well as the international regulations whereby they have to prove themselves to the foreign companies, customers and also suppliers. In the food industry the substitute food products belong to the other firms in the industry. The Marks and Spencer’s foods segment is highly affected by the price changes in the substitute food products. Since the more the substitute food products become available to the consumers then the demand of the food products from the Marks and Spencer’s company become more elastic. This further allows the consumers to have more alternatives in the market. However this is a moderate but weak force in the industry since the businesses and also individuals wish to use other cheaper food products. A close substitute food product in the industry further constraints the company’s ability to raise its prices. On the other hand there is a lot of price competition in the industry especially in the food substitutes. Most of the consumers in Marks and Spencer’s foods consider the suitability as well as the nutritive value